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NEW QUESTION # 27
What is used to respond with an uplink transmission to an MU-RTS trigger frame in the 802.11ax PHY?
- A. HE TB PPDU
- B. HE SU PPDU
- C. HE MU PPDU
- D. VHT PPDU
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
An HE TB PPDU (High Efficiency Trigger-Based Packet Data Unit) is used to respond with an uplink transmission to an MU-RTS trigger frame in the 802.11ax PHY (Physical Layer). An MU-RTS trigger frame is a frame that initiates a multi-user transmission opportunity (MU-TXOP) by requesting multiple stations (STAs) to send clear-to-send (CTS) frames on different spatial streams or resource units (RUs). An HE TB PPDU is a frame that contains data from multiple STAs that have been allocated RUs by an MU-RTS trigger frame or another type of trigger frame. An HE SU PPDU (High Efficiency Single User Packet Data Unit) is a frame that contains data from a single STA using all available spatial streams or RUs. An HE MU PPDU (High Efficiency Multi User Packet Data Unit) is a frame that contains data from multiple STAs using different spatial streams or RUs without being triggered by another frame. A VHT PPDU (Very High Throughput Packet Data Unit) is a frame that uses the 802.11ac PHY and does not support multi-user transmissions.References:
CWAP-404 Study Guide, Chapter 3: 802.11 MAC Layer Frame Formats and Technologies, page 101 CWAP-404 Objectives, Section 3.4: Analyze multi-user transmissions CWAP-404 Study Guide, Chapter 3: 802.11 MAC Layer Frame Formats and Technologies, page 99
NEW QUESTION # 28
Which piece of information is not transmitted in an HT PPDU header?
- A. MCS index
- B. Channel number
- C. PPDU length
- D. Number of Spatial Streams
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The channel number is not transmitted in an HT PPDU header. An HT PPDU header is a part of the PPDU that contains information such as modulation, coding, data rate, and number of spatial streams for an 802.11n transmission. The channel number is not included in the HT PPDU header, as it is determined by the frequency band and channel width that are used by the transmitter and receiver. The channel number can be inferred from the frequency band and channel width, which are indicated by bits in different fields of the HT PPDU header, such as HT-SIG and HT-LTF. The other options are not correct, as they are transmitted in an HT PPDU header. The number of spatial streams, PPDU length, and MCS index are indicated by bits in the HT-SIG field of the HT PPDU header. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 4: 802.11 Physical Layer, page 108-109
NEW QUESTION # 29
What is encrypted within the third message of the 4-Way Handshake?
- A. GMK
- B. PMK
- C. PTK
- D. GTK
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The GTK (Group Temporal Key) is encrypted within the third message of the 4-Way Handshake. The 4-Way Handshake is a process that establishes a secure connection between a STA (station) and an AP (access point) using WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2), which is a security protocol that uses AES-CCMP (Advanced Encryption Standard-Counter Mode CBC-MAC Protocol) as its encryption algorithm. The 4-Way Handshake consists of four messages that are exchanged between the STA and the AP. The first message is sent by the AP to the STA, containing the ANonce (Authenticator Nonce), which is a random number generated by the AP.
The second message is sent by the STA to the AP, containing the SNonce (Supplicant Nonce), which is a random number generated by the STA, and the MIC (Message Integrity Code), which is a value that verifies the integrity of the message. The third message is sent by the AP to the STA, containing the GTK, which is a key that is used to encrypt and decrypt multicast and broadcast data frames, and the MIC. The GTK is encrypted with the KEK (Key Encryption Key), which is derived from the PTK (Pairwise Temporal Key). The PTK is a key that is used to encrypt and decrypt unicast data frames, and it is derived from the PMK (Pairwise Master Key), the ANonce, and the SNonce. The fourth message is sent by the STA to the AP, containing only the MIC, to confirm the completion of the 4-Way Handshake. The other options are not correct, asthey are not encrypted within the third message of the 4-Way Handshake. The PMK is a key that is derived from a passphrase or obtained from an authentication server, and it is not transmitted in any message of the 4-Way Handshake. The PTK is a key that is derived from the PMK, the ANonce, and the SNonce, and it is not transmitted in any message of the 4-Way Handshake. The GMK (Group Master Key) is a key that is generated by the AP and used to derive the GTK, and it is not transmitted in any message of the 4-Way Handshake. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 8: Security Analysis, page 211-213
NEW QUESTION # 30
As a wireless network consultant you have been called in to troubleshoot a high-priority issue for one of your customers. The customer's office is based on two floors within a multi-tenant office block. On one of these floors (floor 5) users cannot connect to the wireless network. During their own testing the customer has discovered that users can connect on floor 6 but not when they move to the floor 5. This issue is affecting all users on floor 5 and having a negative effect on productivity.
To troubleshoot this issue, you perform both Spectrum and Protocol Analysis. The Spectrum Analysis shows the presence of Bluetooth signals which you have identified as coming from wireless mice. In the protocol analyzer you see the top frame on the network is Deauthentication frames. On closer investigation you see that the Deauthentication frames' source addresses match the BSSIDs of your customers APs and the destination address is FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF.
What do you conclude from this troubleshooting exercise?
- A. The customers APs are misbehaving and a technical support case should be open with the vendor
- B. The users on floor 5 are being subjected to a denial of service attack, as this is happening across the entire floor it is likely to be a misconfigured WIPS solution belonging to the tenants on the floor below
- C. The CCI from the APs on the floor 4 is the problem and you need to ask the tenant below to turn down their APs Tx power
- D. The customer should replace all their Bluetooth wireless mice as they are stopping the users on floor 5 from connecting to the wireless network
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The users on floor 5 are being subjected to a denial of service attack, as this is happening across the entire floor it is likely to be a misconfigured WIPS solution belonging to the tenants on the floor below. This is because the Deauthentication frames have a source address that matches the BSSIDs of the customer's APs and a destination address that is a broadcast address (FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF). This indicates that someone is sending spoofed Deauthentication frames to all STAs associated with the customer's APs, causing them to disconnect from the wireless network. This is a common type of DoS attack on wireless networks, and it could be caused by a rogue device or a WIPS solution that is configured to protect the wireless network of another tenant on the floor below12. References: CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 13: Troubleshooting Common Wi-Fi Issues, page 4961; CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 14: Troubleshooting Tools, page 5272.
NEW QUESTION # 31
What interframe space would be expected between a CIS and a Data frame?
- A. PIFS
- B. DIFS
- C. AIFS
- D. SIFS
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The interframe space that would be expected between a CTS (Clear to Send) and a Data frame is SIFS (Short Interframe Space). A SIFS is the shortest interframe space that is used for high-priority transmissions, such as ACKs (Acknowledgements), CTSs, or data frames that are part of a fragmentation or aggregation process. A SIFS is a fixed value that depends on the PHY type and channel width. A CTS and a Data frame are part of a virtual carrier sense mechanism called RTS/CTS (Request to Send/Clear to Send), which is used to avoid collisions and hidden node problems in wireless transmissions. When a STA (station) wants to send a data frame, it first sends an RTS frame to the intended receiver, indicating the duration of the transmission. The receiver then responds with a CTS frame, also indicating the duration of the transmission. The other STAs in the vicinity hear either the RTS or the CTS frame and update their NAV (Network Allocation Vector) timers accordingly, deferring their access to the medium until the transmission is over. The sender then sends the data frame after waiting for a SIFS, followed by an ACK frame from the receiver after another SIFS. The other options are not correct, as they are not used between a CTS and a Data frame. A PIFS (PCF Interframe Space) is used for medium access by the PCF (Point Coordination Function), which is an optional and rarely implemented polling-based mechanism that provides contention-free service for time-sensitive traffic. An AIFS (Arbitration Interframe Space) is used for medium access by different ACs (Access Categories), which are logical queues that correspond to different QoS (Quality of Service) levels for different types of traffic. An AIFS is a variable interframe space that depends on the AIFSN (Arbitration Interframe Space Number) value of each AC. A DIFS (Distributed Interframe Space) is used for medium access by the DCF (Distributed Coordination Function), which is the default and mandatory contention-based mechanism that provides best-effort service for normal traffic. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 6: 802.11 Frame Exchanges, page 166-167; Chapter 7: QoS Analysis, page 194-195
NEW QUESTION # 32
When would you expect to see a Reassociation Request frame'
- A. Every time a STA associates to an AP to which it has previously been associated
- B. Every time a STA roams
- C. Only when a STA roams back to an AP it has previously been associated with
- D. Only when a STA is using FT roaming
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
A Reassociation Request frame is sent every time a STA roams from one AP to another within the same ESS.
A Reassociation Request frame is similar to an Association Request frame, but it also contains the BSSID of the current AP that the STA is leaving. This allows the new AP to coordinate with the old AP and transfer the STA's context information, such as security keys, QoS parameters, and buffered frames. This way, the STA can maintain its connectivity and session continuity during roaming . References: CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 195;CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 196.
NEW QUESTION # 33
The PHY layer provides framing by adding a header to create what type of data unit?
- A. PPDU
- B. MSDU
- C. MPDU
- D. PSDU
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The PHY layer provides framing by adding a header to create a PPDU. A PPDU (PHY Protocol Data Unit) is the data unit that is transmitted or received over the wireless medium by the PHY layer. A PPDU consists of a PSDU (PHY Service Data Unit) and a PHY header, which contains information such as modulation, coding, and data rate. The PHY layer adds the PHY header to the PSDU to create a PPDU for transmission, or removes the PHY header from the PPDU to extract the PSDU for reception. The other options are not correct, as they are not created by adding a header at the PHY layer. An MPDU (MAC Protocol Data Unit) is created by adding a MAC header and FCS to an MSDU (MAC Service Data Unit) at the MAC layer. An MSDU is the data unit that is passed from the LLC sublayer to the MAC sublayer or vice versa. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 4: 802.11 Physical Layer, page 97-98
NEW QUESTION # 34
ABC International has installed a new smart ZigBee controlled lighting system. However, the network team is concerned that this new system will interfere with the existing WLAN and has asked you to investigate the impact of the two systems operating simultaneously in the 2.4 GHz band. When performing Spectrum Analysis, which question could you answer by looking at the FFT plot?
- A. Is the ZigBee system using more than 50% of the available airtime?
- B. Do the ZigBee channels used by the lighting system overlap with the WLAN channels?
- C. Is the ZigBee system causing an increase in WLAN retries?
- D. Is the WLAN corrupting ZigBee system messages?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The FFT plot is a spectrum analysis plot that shows the RF power present at a particular frequency over a short period of time. It can help identify the sources and characteristics of RF signals in the spectrum. By looking at the FFT plot, you can determine which ZigBee channels are used by the lighting system and whether they overlap with the WLAN channels in the 2.4 GHz band. ZigBee channels are 5 MHz wide and WLAN channels are 20 MHz or 40 MHz wide, so there is a possibility of overlap and interference between them. The other questions cannot be answered by looking at the FFT plot alone, as they require other types of plots or analysis tools, such as duty cycle plot, airtime utilization plot, or protocol analyzer. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide], Chapter 3: Spectrum Analysis, page 69-70
NEW QUESTION # 35
You're the WLAN administrator for a large retailer based at the HQ in New York. The London-based office has been complaining about WLAN disconnections around lunch time each day. You suspect this might be interference from the staff microwave, how might you test your theory from the New York office?
- A. Ask a local member of staff to change the frequency of the microwave and see if the disconnections stop
- B. Place one of the London APs into spectrum analyzer mode and monitor the situation over lunch time
- C. Ask a local member of staff to take some pictures of the microwave, including some close-ups of the door seal so that you can assess it
- D. Access the microwave remotely and run a diagnostic check
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The best way to test the theory of microwave interference from the New York office is to use a remote spectrum analyzer. By placing one of the London APs into spectrum analyzer mode, you can capture and analyze the RF spectrum in the London office over lunch time. You can then look for any signs of microwave interference, such as high duty cycle, high amplitude, or frequency hopping on the 2.4 GHz band. This method does not require any physical access tothe microwave or any changes to its frequency. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide], Chapter 3: Spectrum Analysis, page 64
NEW QUESTION # 36
Protocol analyzers may present field values in either binary, decimal or hexadecimal. What preceeds a hexadecimal value to indicate it is hexadecimal?
- A. 16x
- B. HEX
- C. 0x
- D. %
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
A hexadecimal value is a value that uses base 16 notation, which means it can have digits from 0 to 9 and letters from A to F. A hexadecimal value is usually preceded by 0x to indicate that it is hexadecimal and not decimal or binary. For example, 0x0A is hexadecimal for 10 in decimal or 00001010 in binary. The other options are not valid prefixes for hexadecimal values.References:
CWAP-404 Study Guide, Chapter 2: Protocol Analysis, page 35
CWAP-404 Objectives, Section 2.2: Analyze field values
NEW QUESTION # 37
When performing protocol analysis, you capture an 802.1 lac data frame on channel 52, transmitted at MCS 8.
At what data rate was the PHY Preamble transmitted?
- A. 86.7 Mbps
- B. 54 Mbps
- C. 78 Mbps
- D. 6 Mbps
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The data rate at which the PHY preamble was transmitted is 6 Mbps. The PHY preamble is a part of the PPDU that is transmitted before the PHY header and the PSDU. The PHY preamble consists of a series of training fields that help the receiver to detect and synchronize with the signal. The PHY preamble is always transmitted at a fixed data rate that depends on the type of PPDU (e.g., OFDM, HT, VHT, HE). For an 802.1 lac data frame on channel 52, which uses VHT PPDUs, the data rate for the PHY preamble is 6 Mbps. This data rate does not depend on MCS (Modulation and Coding Scheme), which only affects the data rate for the PSDU. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 4: 802.11 Physical Layer, page 99-100
NEW QUESTION # 38
Which one of the following is an advantage of using display filters that is not an advantage of capture-time filters?
- A. Multiple of them can be applied simultaneously
- B. They allow for focused analysis on just the packets of interest
- C. Once created they are reusable for later captures
- D. They only hide the packets from view and the filtered packets can be enabled for view later
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Display filters are applied after the capture is completed and they only hide the packets from view. The filtered packets are still present in the capture file and can be enabled for view later by changing or removing the display filter. This is an advantage over capture-time filters, which discard the packets that do not match the filter criteria and cannot be recovered later34 References:
CWAP-403 Study Guide, Chapter 2: Protocol Analysis, page 37
CWAP-403 Objectives, Section 2.3: Apply display filters
NEW QUESTION # 39
What is the function of the PHY layer?
- A. Convert MSDUs to PPDUs for transmissions and PPDUs to MSDUs for receptions
- B. Convert PSDUs to PPDUs for transmissions and PPDUs to PSDUs for receptions
- C. Convert PPDUs to MSDUs for transmissions and MSDUs to PPDUs for receptions
- D. Convert PPDUs to PSDUs for transmissions and PSDUs to PPDUs for receptions
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The function of the PHY layer is to convert PSDUs to PPDUs for transmissions and PPDUs to PSDUs for receptions. A PSDU (PHY Service Data Unit) is the data unit that is passed from the MAC layer to the PHY layer for transmission, or from the PHY layer to the MAC layer for reception. A PPDU (PHY Protocol Data Unit) is the data unit that is transmitted or received over the wireless medium by the PHY layer. A PPDU consists of a PSDU and a PHY header, which contains information such as modulation, coding, and data rate.
The PHY layer adds or removes the PHY header to or from the PSDU during the conversion process. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 4: 802.11 Physical Layer, page 97-98
NEW QUESTION # 40
How many frames make up the Group Key Handshake excluding any Ack frames that may be required?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The Group Key Handshake consists of two frames excluding any Ack frames that may be required. The Group Key Handshake is used to distribute and update the Group Temporal Key (GTK) for encrypting broadcast and multicast traffic. The AP initiates the Group Key Handshake by sending a Group Key Message 1 frame to a STA, which contains the new GTK and other information. The STA responds with a Group Key Message 2 frame to the AP, which confirms the receipt of the GTK and other information. After this, both the AP and the STA can use the new GTK for encryption and decryption of broadcast and multicast traffic . References:
CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 7: 802.11 Security, page 246; CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 7: 802.11 Security, page 247.
NEW QUESTION # 41
802.11k Neighbor Requests and Neighbor Reports are sent in what type of Management Frames?
- A. Action
- B. RRM
- C. Reassociation Request and Reassociation Response
- D. Beacon
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
802.11k Neighbor Requests and Neighbor Reports are sent in Action frames. An Action frame is a Management frame that is used to perform various operations or functions related to the operation or maintenance of a wireless network. An Action frame consists of a Category field that indicates the type of action being performed, and a variable-length Action Details field that contains specific information related to the action. For example, an Action frame with a Category field value of 5 indicates a Radio Measurement action, and the Action Details field may contain a Neighbor Request or a Neighbor Report subelement .
References: CWAP-404 CertifiedWireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 207; CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 208; CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 12: 802.11k/v/r/u/w/ai Amendments, page 434.
NEW QUESTION # 42
You are troubleshooting a client that is experiencing slow WLAN performance. As part of the troubleshooting activity, you start a packet capture on your laptop close to the client device. While analyzing the packets, you suspect that you have not captured all packets transmitted by the client. By analyzing the trace file, how can you confirm if you have missing packets?
- A. Protocol Analyzers show the number of missing packets in their statistics view
- B. The missing packets will be shown as CRC errored packets
- C. Look for gaps in the sequence number in MAC headers.
- D. Retransmission are an indication of missing packets
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
One way to confirm if you have missing packets in your packet capture is to look for gaps in the sequence number in MAC headers. The sequence number is a 12-bit field in the MAC header that is used to identify and order data frames within a traffic stream. The sequence number is incremented by one for each new data frame transmitted by a STA, except for retransmissions, fragments, and control frames. The sequence number can range from 0 to 4095, and then wraps around to 0. If you see a jump or a gap in the sequence number between two consecutive data frames from the same STA, it means that you have missed some packets in between. The other options are not correct, as they do not confirm if you have missing packets in your packet capture. CRC errored packets are packets that have been corrupted during transmission and have failed the error detection check. Protocol analyzers may show the number of CRC errored packets in their statistics view, but not the number of missing packets. Retransmissions are an indication of packet loss or collision, but not necessarily of missing packets in your capture. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 5: 802.11 MAC Sublayer, page 114-115
NEW QUESTION # 43
A client is operating in an unstable RF environment. Out of five data frames transmitted to the client it only receives four. The client sends a Block Ack to acknowledge the receipt of these four frames but due to frame corruption the Block Ack is not received by the AP. Which frames will be retransmitted'
- A. Only the data frame which was corrupted
- B. Only the Block Ack
- C. All data frames
- D. Both the corrupted data and Block Ack
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
All data frames will be retransmitted in this scenario. This is because the AP uses a Block Ack (BA) mechanism to acknowledge the receipt of multiple data frames from a client in a single frame. The BA contains a bitmap that indicates which data frames were received correctly and which were not. If the BA is not received by the AP due to frame corruption, the AP will assume that none of the data frames were received by the client and will retransmit all of them. The other options are not correct, as they do not account for the loss of the BA or the use of the bitmap. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 6: 802.11 Frame Exchanges, page 167-168
NEW QUESTION # 44
After examining a Beacon frame decode you see the SSID Element has a length of 0. What do you conclude about this frame?
- A. SSID elements always have a length of 0
- B. The beacon is from a BSS configured to hide the SSID
- C. This is a common attack on WISP backend SQL databases
- D. The frame is corrupted
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
If the SSID element has a length of 0 in a Beacon frame decode, it means that the beacon is from a BSS configured to hide the SSID. The SSID element is a part of the Beacon frame that contains the name or identifier of the BSS. The SSID element has two fields: length and value. The length field indicates how many bytes are used for the value field, which contains the actual SSID string. If the length field is 0, it means that there is no value field or SSID string in the element. This is a common technique used by some APs to hide their SSID from passive scanning clients or potential attackers. However, this technique does not provide much security, as there are other ways to discover or reveal the hidden SSID, such as active scanning or capturing probe response or association frames. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 5: 802.11 MAC Sublayer, page 122-123
NEW QUESTION # 45
Which one of the following is not an 802.11 Management frame?
- A. Authentication
- B. PS-Poll
- C. Action
- D. Beacon
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
A PS-Poll (Power Save Poll) frame is not an 802.11 management frame. A PS-Poll frame is a type of control frame that is used by a STA in power save mode to request data frames from an AP. A STA in power save mode can conserve battery power by periodically sleeping and waking up. When a STA sleeps, it cannot receive any data frames from the AP, so it informs the AP of its power save status by setting a bit in its MAC header. The AP then buffers any data frames destined for the sleeping STA until it wakes up. When a STA wakes up, it sends a PS-Poll frame to the AP, indicating its association ID and requesting any buffered data frames. The AP thenresponds with one or more data frames, followed by an ACK or BA frame from the STA.
The other options are not correct, as they are types of 802.11 management frames. An Action frame is used to perform various management actions, such as spectrum management, QoS management, radio measurement, etc. A Beacon frame is used to advertise the presence and capabilities of an AP or BSS. An Authentication frame is used to establish or terminate an authentication relationship between a STA and an AP. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 6: 802.11 Frame Exchanges, page 169-170
NEW QUESTION # 46
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